Thursday, October 1, 2020

What is HIFU? High Intensity Ultrasound for the Treatment of Cancer

INTRODUCTION TO HIFU

By: Dr. Robert L. Bard  |   Graciella Davi | Editorial Staff @ NY Cancer Resource Alliance

Medical science has taken significant leaps in the past three decades with the advent of a non-invasive approach to surgical investigation and treatment modalities.  This movement was greatly prompted by the need to reduce or eliminate the many significant risks and hidden dangers of cutting through the skin and vital organs.  Technologies such as the ULTRASOUND offers the medical community life-saving alternatives that ensures quantifiable results without the  potential dangers to the patient. (also see "No More Scalpel" and "Bye Bye Biopsies")

Pursuing the concept of safe, non-surgical alternatives, the principle of HIFU is based on controllable high energy sound waves, which leads to coagulation necrosis at the focal point. It can be applied for different indications: complete ablation of prostatic tissue is attempted in whole gland HIFU in the primary treatment of localized prostate cancer. [1] The first therapeutic trial of high intensity ultrasound beams was carried out in 1942. The Fry brothers are credited with the first application of HIFU for neurologic disorders in humans. Early attempts to generate HIFU lesions in the brain through the intact skull bone were unsuccessful. Jan 10, 2011 [2]



HIFU: THE NEXT WAVE OF NON-INVASIVE CANCER TREATMENT By: Dr. Robert L. Bard 

Prostate cancer, certainly the most common cancer among men, might be considered a two-headed hydra. On the one hand, some of these tumors, especially among African-Americans are aggressive, resulting in premature death. On the other hand, many of these tumors are slow growing and for a significant subset of patients, watchful waiting is recommended. But it is difficult to watch and wait when you believe that a cancer is growing within.

The quest for minimally invasive treatments of prostate tumors has been ongoing since the 1990’s. There have been advocates of focal freezing as well as heating of prostate tissue that results in the destruction of prostate cancers. Focal cancers may be targeted by high intensity focused ultrasound beams (High Intensity Focused Ultrasound or HIFU) and have been in clinical practice for 25 years. Developed simultaneously in the US (Sonoablate 500) and France (Ablatherm) the technique is favored by men wishing to avoid possible complications or side effects of surgery or radiation therapy. 

Treatment is usually performed under anesthesia. Energy is delivered to malignant tissue using in this instance, high frequency ultrasound waves that heats the tissue above 40 degrees Centigrade destroying the tissue.  Tissue temperature is closely monitored by sophisticated electronics to minimize adjacent tissue damage which can result in narrowing of the urethrae and obstruction of the flow of urine. Additionally, nerves involved in sexual performance may be inadvertently heated resulting in some degree of sexual dysfunction. 

A recent study reported in the Journal of Urology looked at 52 patients treated with this technique. The results are mixed. Patients included all had localized biopsy proven prostate cancers. The study defined treatment failure as recurrence on follow up biopsy at 20 months showing recurrent or higher grade tumor, metastatic spread systemic therapy or cancer specific mortality. 

  • There were 13 minor complications of which urinary retention was the most common.  There were no deaths and no cases of rectal injury.
  • Of the 60% of individuals undergoing repeat biopsy, 83% had no residual tumor

This study was limited in two significant ways. First, nearly a quarter of the patients underwent simultaneous “debulking” of prostate tissue by conventional surgical means in order to treat pre-existing difficulties with urination. Second, if biopsy is to be considered the outcome of importance, then 40% of the patients did not complete the study. It did not recognize that microscopic analysis of biopsies is limited by the posttreatment effect on the gland and the gold standard for pathology has been whole gland analysis after radical prostatectomy.


UCLA Health is among the world’s most comprehensive academic health systems, with a mission to provide state-of-the-art patient care, train top medical professionals and support pioneering research and discovery. It includes four hospitals on two campuses — Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, UCLA Mattel Children’s Hospital and the Stewart and Lynda Resnick Neuropsychiatric Hospital at UCLA in the Westwood area of Los Angeles, and UCLA Health - Santa Monica Medical Center – and more than 200 medical practices throughout Southern California. UCLA Health also includes the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA.


VIEWPOINTS:

Treatment will be more effective on smaller volume glands and low grade cancer. As an imaging specialist, the problem with biopsies is that the cells under the microscope may look malignant but the tumor is clinically indolent or inactive. Biopsies are random and the area presumed to be a cancer may have active malignancy in one area, scarring in another, benign tissue adjacent or immune cells attacking the injured tissue.  Most post treatment biopsies are guided by blood vessel flow study with contrast MRI or 3D Doppler in the cancer site since PSA is not very reliable. The targeted area is the region of greatest arterial tumor arterial concentration.  [J Urol 2016]

Worldwide the aggression of a tumor is determined by the activity of the feeding blood vessels. Generally ablative treatments are deemed successful when there are no more arterial suppliers demonstrable by the various blood flow perfusion imaging technologies (Doppler ultrasound, CT dye, MRI contrast)  It is well known that there is a PSA rise in the presence of inflammation as well as recurrence which is non diagnostic. Over many years the cancer statistics observed that the re-occurrence of malignancy in 5 years falls between 10-30% regardless of the treatment delivered.

OTHER NON-INVASIVE CANCER SOLUTIONS

ADVANCEMENTS IN PROTON THERAPY
It is commonly observed that surgeons are increasingly using minimally invasive procedures. Whether it's robotic or video assisted surgeries, we can identify the pattern of new treatment protocols to result in higher quality of life and a reduction in toxicity. In doing so, it allows us, in some cases, to actually improve survival through those same methods of reducing toxicities for patients. According to Dr. Charles B. Simone II, Chief Medical Officer of the New York Proton Center, “We’re going to see more and more customized treatment; it's not a one size fits all approach to cancer. We are going to have individualized ways to deliver radiation therapy, individualized drugs or immune agents—and then, potentially more synergy between modalities such as radiation with systemic therapies.” (See article link)


CYBERKNIFE® AND THE ERA OF ETHICS IN ENGINEERING
Today's engineering and medical technology (from the late 1980s) show significant evidence of ethical standards and major consideration for patient response. Ethics in treatment engineering covers all angles considered about the innovation including: the way it is built, the materials applied, the engagement of the operator and the aftermath of the patient.. “Historically, radiation CAUSED cancer, but that's because you didn't have precision then. You were basically irradiating healthy tissue. That's what you want to avoid at all costs. So the more precise you can be, the better - and we (Accuray) pride ourselves on exquisite and unparalleled precision,” says Ms. Fleurent. (See article link)




About the Author:

DR. ROBERT L. BARD, MD, PC, DABR, FASLMS 
For over 40 years, Dr. Bard is recognized internationally for his advanced clinical work in non-invasive cancer diagnostic imaging. His wide body of work is catalogued in countless medical texts and journal articles about the continued advancements in quantitative 3-D Ultrasound Doppler Imaging. In addition, he has been a major advocate for early detection in many high-risk professionals such as first responders, law enforcement and military personnel. Today,  Dr. Bard continues to respond to major health crises like the Coronavirus pandemic with his collaborative research work in chest ultrasound scanning of covid-related issues and the launch of his Medical Virtualization campaign -supporting "borderless medicine" and improved technical response to emergency medical calls.


GRACIELLA DAVI is a public health and safety advocate, an environmental researcher and a publisher for Prevention101, ImmunologyFirst.org, Awareness for a Cure and (fmr) EcoSmart News.  As an educator and writer, her career is dedicated to providing FACT-CHECKED NEWS in assignments concerning health, safety, science and environmental news.  This includes a wide list of studies in Cancer causing agents and pathogenic response and medical innovations.  



REFERENCES

1) High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) : Importance in the treatment of prostate cancer https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28439616/#:~:text=Results%3A%20The%20principle%20of%20HIFU,treatment%20of%20localized%20prostate%20cancer.

2) High intensity focused ultrasound in clinical tumor ablation - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3095464/#:~:text=HIFU%20BACKGROUND-,History,unsuccessful%5B8%2C10%5D.

Sources: Prospective Evaluation of Focal High Intensity Focused Ultrasound for Localized Prostate Cancer Journal of Urology DOI: 10.1097/JU.0000000000001015



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